Understanding The Recovery Of The Intervertebral Disc

Picture from Wikipedia

I came across a recent paper (Feki et al, 2024) about the positions which help our intervertebral discs recover and heal when we sleep. I have written at least 5 articles on intervertebral discs. This is definitely still a topic that I get questions from most often among my friends and patients alike. Almost every single one of my friends and patients are fearful of having a 'slipped intervertebral disc' whenever they have low back pain (LBP). The intervertebral discs (IVD) have a really bad reputation for causing significant pain and disability in many people.

Here's a quick review if you did not read those 5 articles.

The IVD consists of a very tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis (AF). It is made of of several layers of fibrocartilage consisting of Type I and II collagen fibers. The AF protects the soft, gel-like substance in the middle known as the nucleus pulposus (NP). The NP helps distribute pressure evenly across the IVD and prevent excessive forces on the spine.

See how thick the AF is from the picture above? Here's something else you need to know. There is a cartilaginous endplate between the AF and the vertebra (the spine). The endplates hold the IVD in place. It allows load to be spread evenly and to provide attachment to the IVD. This creates a super strong connection to the AF making it impossible for the IVD to 'slip' out of position.

Yes, our discs are actually very strong and hardy. How strong are our IVD's? In a published study on thoracic discs in the young (28 years old plus minus 8 years) , it took about 740 pounds of force to compress the disc height 1 mm. For the older subjects (70 years young plus minus 7 years), it took almost 460 pounds of force. Note that these are on cadavers with the muscles and bones cut away (Stemper et al, 2010).

The IVD's withstand a whole variety of complex forces in our daily activities and also when we exercise. This can lead to significant structural changes in terms of volume, area and height of the intervertebral disc. It can lead to an increase in disc stiffness and a decrease in interdiscal pressure.

In order for your discs to remain healthy and strong, it is dependent on a recovery phase which serves to prevent premature disc degeneration. This happens during a period of nocturnal rest i.e. when you sleep at night.

This phenomenon of disc recovery has been documented extensively through many studies using MRI and intradiscal pressure measurement. Fluid dynamics (water content) within the disc are considered a primary factor in recovery, while it's intricate multiscale structure and viscoelastic (behaving with both liquid-like and solid-like) properties also play key roles.

Feki et al (2024) in their review collated, analyzed and evaluated the existing in vivo (human) and in vitro (in controlled environments) on this topic to provide a comprehensive understanding of this recovery process to enable future advancements in medical treatment and biomedical enginerring solutions to enhance the natural recovery processes of intervertebral discs.

As it is a very long (and complex) review article (Feki et al, 2024), I am simply highlighting the optimal recovery positions (pictured below) for intervertebral disc rehydration. 

Picture from Feki et al, 2024

(a) prone (b) modified press up/ push up position (c) supine with under knee and back support

(d) and (e) side lying with lumbar flexion with pillows between legs

(f) and (g) side lying with and without manual distraction

(h) 50 degrees gravity assisted position (i) 110 degrees supported sitting

(j) inclined sitting with lumbar support

So, you see from the pictures that some of the supposedly 'poor' posture/ positions you were told, are actually good for your intervertebral discs.

References

Feki F, Zairi F, Tamoud A et al (2024). Understanding The Recovery Of The Intervertebral Disc: A Comprehensive Review Of In Vivo And In Vitro Studies. J Bionic Eng. DOI: 10.1007/s42235-024-00542-2

Fournier DE, Kiser PK, Shoemaker JK et al (2020). Vascularization Of The Human Intervertebral Disc: A Scoping Review. JOR Spine. 15: 3(4): e1123. DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1123.

Stemper BD, Board D et al (2010). Biomechanical Properties Of Human Thoracic Spine Disc Segments. J Craniovert Junct Sp. 1(1): 18-22. DOI: 10.4103/09774-8237.65477

The Larger The Disc Injury The More Likely To Heal Without Surgery

Picture from article referenced below

I saw a few patients with slipped discs this past week. Most patients are still very fearful even if their 'slipped discs' happened years ago. They will complain that they have been having back problems ever since.

Having written previously about how 'slipped discs' can heal I will share with my patients the facts about how the larger the disc injury, the more likely it can heal without surgery.

The picture above shows the diffferent types of herniated disc, bulging being the mildest and sequestration the most severe.

When there is a lumbar disc herniation, there is a tear or damage to the outer layers (annulus fibrosus) leading to leakage (or herniation) of the soft, gel-like inside material (nucleus pulposus). This leakage may touch or compress (irritate) the spinal nerves which causes an inflammatory response. This results in the patient complaining of pain, sensations of numbness, tingling sensations down their leg and sometimes neurological dysfunction.

Conservative management for 6 weeks (instead of surgical management) is usually the first choice for  newly diagnosed patients. In some patients, spontaneous reabsorption of the disc herniation is a widely recognized clinical observation. The spontaneous shrinkage or disapperance of a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc without surgery is called reabsorption or resorption.

The biological mechanisms involved in herniated disc resorption includes macrophage infiltration, matrix remodelling and neovascularization.

Since our immune system recognizes the gel leakage as 'foreigners' in our vertebral epidural space, this triggers a casade of inflammatory responses including phagocytosis of inflammatory cells, enzymatic degradation, increased inflammatory mediators. All of which means that healing is taking place. As the herniation decreases after resorption, the clinical symptoms also improve.

The type and composition of the herniated disc may predict the possibility of natural resorption. Extrusion and sequestration have a higher chance for resorption since the leakage is in the epidural space, creating favorable conditions for macrophage infiltration and neovascularization.

Picture from Radiopaedia

However if the area of the spine shows Modic changes, it is not conducive to macrophage infiltration and ingrowth of blood vessels, thus preventing resorption. Modic changes in the spine occur in response to degenerative changes of the discs, pathology or infections. 

An earlier meta-analysis of 38 clinical studies done in 2015 showed that resorption of lumbar disc herniation was as high as 62-66 percent (Chiu et al, 2015).

Further research is ongoing to understand what conditions can induce or promote the reabsorbtion of 'slipped discs'. This will help clinicians to rationally formulate treatment plans for patients.

Today is exactly one year on from my 2nd bike accident. Not the kind of anniversary I like to remember but it does mean that I've come quite a bit further than where I was. Of course I'm still not working the hours I did before the accident, but definitely much more than just after the accident. So I'm testimony that you can definitely recover, even after 2 compression fractures in my spine! 

References

Chiu CC, Chuang TV, Chang KH et al (2015). The Probability Of Spontaneous Regression Of Lumbar Herniated Disc: A Systematic Review. Clic Rehabil. 29(2): 184-195. DOI:10.118/269215514540919.

Yu P, Mao F, Chen J et al (2022). Characteristics And Mechanisms Of Resorption In Lumbar Disc Herniation. Arthritis Res Ther. 24, 205. DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02894-8

A meta-analysis of 38 clinical studies done in 2015 showed that resorption of lumbar disc herniation was as high as 62-66 percent.

About Intervertebral Discs

Picture from M.A. Adams et al, 2010

Having learnt in anatomy class (when I was a physiotherapy student) that our intervertebral discs (IVD) are avascular (has no blood supply), I was instantly surprised when recent research showed that it may not be totally true.

picture from springer link

A little anatomy lesson before I tell you more. Our IVD's are fibrocartilaginous joints that are thought to be the largest avascular structures in the human body. They are made up of three distinct and interdependent tissues. The outer most cartilage endplates are thin layers of hyaline cartilage that anchor the IVD to the adjacent vertebral bones. The vertebral end plates have plenty of blood supply and this allows for diffusion of nutrients into the IVD through the cartilage end plate.

The annulus fibrosus (AF) is a series of super strong well organized concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage that surround and protect the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the IVD. 

The NP is the innermost jelly like substance made up mainly of water and proteoglycans. The NP helps distribute pressure evenly across the IVD and prevent excessive forces loading the spine. This is what can herniate through the AF, causing what is commonly know as a 'slipped disc' or prolapsed intervertebral disc (PID).

A group of researchers performed a comprehensive *scoping review on peer-review publications on the blood supply of human IVD's excluding disc herniations. 22 out of 3122 articles found met the inclusion criteria of fetal to > 90 years old, various health status and both sexes using gross dissection, histology or medical imaging to assess if there is blood supply.

Consistent observations from this review were that there is no blood supply in the NP of the IVD throughout life. 

Both the cartilage endplates and AF have considerable blood supply during fetal development and in infants, but decreases over our lifespan. A common feature of the cartilage endplate was the presence of channels throughout the tissue, likely from the well vascularized vertebral endplate from the adjacent vertebrae. Between birth and ten years of age, there is a drastic decrease in blood vessels within these channels; which are not seen at all in adults.

However, there are blood vessels growing into the endplates and inner layers of the AF especially when there is damaged or disrupted tissue regardless of age. This is more common in older adults. Location of blood vessels are variable. 

It is thought that annular fissures or tears associated with degenerated discs are perhaps more conducive to the ingrowth of blood vessels since there is a loss of proteoglycans (a protein compound found in connective tissue) due to the healing process. Interestingly, there are also nerves found together with the blood vessels suggesting some patients may get more pain than others with such conditions.

Through this scoping review, we now know that the IVD is not entirely avascular as often thought and cited. This is great news for patients. We always knew that you can heal from a "slipped disc", but the discs having a blood supply means a better chance that it can heal from an injury.

Reference

Fournier DE, Kiser PK, Shoemaker JK et al (2020). Vascularization Of The Human Intervertebral Disc: A Scoping Review. JOR Spine. 15: 3(4): e1123. DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1123.

*A scoping review has a broader scope compared to traditional systematic reviews with correspondingly more expansive inclusion criteria.

* you can read more about slipped discs and how slipped discs can heal here.

Is It Better To Bend Your Back Or Knees When Picking Something Off The Ground?

Thanks to Tasneem and Joakim for the photo

I can't find any similar statistics in the local Singapore context, but more than 40% of employees in European countries suffer from work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) yearly. This results in 3-6% absence from work, affecting 2.5% of the gross domestic product across Europe. 52% of injuries are attributed to overloading during lifting tasks, of which 65% affect the lower back.

When picking up something off the floor, we generally use two standard lifting techniques, the stoop or squat technique, which have been well described in many articles. The squatting technique is usually advised when lifting heavy objects since this technique is thought to result in lowering intervertebral disc (IVD) compression and shear forces compared to the stoop technique. 

Squat (a) versus Stoop (b)

Stoop lifting is usually restricted to lifting light objects since it is thought that stoop lifting causes higher IVD compression and shear forces compared to the squat.

However, there is no agreement or sound evidence for lifting ergonomic guidelines (or good lifting techniques). Hence the following study to investigate if squat or stoop lifting imposes more load on the person lifting.

Different weights were tested for both lifting techniques using a full body musculoskeletal model, 3D marker and ground reaction forces. They were used to calculate joint angles, forces and power. Muscle activity of nine different muscles were also measured to calculate effort.

Ready for the results? For all lifting conditions and both techniques, the highest joint forces during lifting and lowering were at the L5S1 spine levels, followed by the hip and knee. The hip joint generated the most power while lifting for both techniques.

Squat lifting was mainly executed by additional work on the knee extensors (Quadriceps), shoulder and elbow, potentially explaining similar prevalence of WMSD in the shoulder, elbow to LBP in people who do frequent lifting. 

The authors concluded that based on their findings, squat lifting is not favored over stoop lifting (this is in contrast to current recommendations) although forces were slightly higher in the L5,S1, hip and knee during the stoop technique. This is also supported by Van Dieen et al (1999) who concluded that there is no evidence to suggest squat over stoop lifting after reviewing 27 studies.

Now, many of you reading this may already not agree with what the authors concluded. There are so many variables that can change the results. How low the object is will influence the load on the back, making comparisons with other studies difficult. 

Even a small adjustment like turning the knees out (not controlled in this study) while squatting already reduces back loading. Likewise, healthy volunteers in this study will likely have different lifting dynamics compared to real blue collar/ laborers since the latter would have efficient strategies for all the lifting done over the years. Lifting in the research setting may not totally replicate real world situations.

Weight (10kg in this study) and dimensions of the load lifted will definitely affect the lifting technique as well since the box (length 36 cm, width 14 cm and height 21 cm) used in this study was relatively small. 

For those of you who do not have low back pain, this post may possibly challenge or even change the way you lift a box off the ground or while picking a pen that you've dropped. You have always been told that when you're picking up something or lifting that you should bend your knees, keep your back straight before you lift. That is supposed to be good form or good ergonomics.

Well, especially for those of you who are pain free, you can say to anyone who insist you bend your knees and not your back while lifting that it is not totally true. 

Reference 

Van Der Have A, Van Rossom S and Jonkers I (2019). Squat Lifting Imposes Higher Peak Joint And Muscle Loading Compared to Stoop Lifting. Ap Sci 9(18): 3794. DOI: 10.3390/app9183794

Van Dieen JH, Hoozemans MJM and Toussaint HM (1999). Stoop Or Squat: A Review Of Biomechanical Studies On Lifting Technique. Clin Biomech. 14: 686-696

Thank you for reading this long article. If you're interested, another study by Mawston et al, (2021) pictured above and referenced below found that during a maximal lift in pain free individuals, a flexed lumbar spine (picture C) is more efficient and stronger as opposed to a straight spine! So much for having a 'good' posture while weight training. Perhaps that shall be another post.

Mawston G, Holder L, O' Sullivan P et al (2021). Flexed Lumbar Spine Postures Are Associated With Greater Strength And Efficiency Than Lordotic Postures During A Maximal Lift In Pain-free Individuals. Gait and Posture. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.029

What You Need To Know About Slipped Discs

We're still writing about our backs. This week I'm writing about 'slipped discs' in the spine. This is a topic that I get questions from most often among my friends and patients alike.

Patients have always been told that the intervertebral disc (IVD) causes referred pain down the back/ side of your legs. They often think that discs are very fragile and get easily injured.

Almost every single one of my patients are fearful of having a 'slipped intervertebral disc' whenever they have low back pain (LBP). The discs have a really bad reputation for causing significant pain and disability in many people.

Are these common beliefs accurate? Let's go through the anatomy of the spine and the IVD.

The IVD consists of a very tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis (AF). It is made of of several layers of fibrocartilage consisting of Type I and II collagen fibers. The AF protects the soft, gel-like substance in the middle known as the nucleus pulposus (NP). The NP helps distribute pressure evenly across the IVD and prevent excessive forces on the spine.

See how thick the AF is from the picture above? Here's something else you need to know. There is a cartilaginous endplate between the AF and the vertebra (the spine). The endplates hold the IVD in place. It allows load to be spread evenly and to provide attachment to the IVD. This creates a super strong connection to the AF making it impossible for the IVD to 'slip' out of position.

How strong are our IVD's? In a published study on thoracic discs in the young (28 years old plus minus 8 years) , it took about 740 pounds of force to compress the disc height 1 mm. For the older subjects (70 years young plus minus 7 years), it took almost 460 pounds of force. Note that these are on cadavers with the muscles and bones cut away (Stemper et al, 2010).

The endplates also allow for hydration of the disc to take place (see picture above).

Just like your ACL is often injured by shearing forces, it is also shearing forces that is most likely to hurt your discs. Twisting, rotating your back while lifting a heavy load is definitely not recommended.

What happens after your disc is injured? Find out more next week as I write more on that topic.



Reference

Stemper BD, Board D et al (2010). Biomechanical Properties Of Human Thoracic Spine Disc Segments. J Craniovert Junct Sp. 1(1): 18-22. DOI: 10.4103/09774-8237.65477

Change The Arms, Change The Neck

First assessment

Here's another patient who came in to our clinic complaining of neck pain, tingling, and sensations of electric currents/ pins and needles, down his left arm.

This patient works as an electrician and often has to be in awkward positions running electrical wires. He feels worse after prolonged time spent looking upwards - mostly due to running ceiling electrical wires.

He was referred to our clinic by another friend who had seen us and gotten better without needing surgery as suggesting by his surgeon.

Just like the other lady who had neck pain, I didn't treat his neck. Just treated his arms and shoulder girdle.

Have a look at the picture after treatment.

After treatment

You can see quite an dramatic change not only in his neck but in his rib cage and hips too. Even his nephew who came with him was amazed at the change.

Before and after

Have a look when I put both pictures together above. Quite a big difference? All done in less than an hour.

What did I do? No mobilizations or manipulations of the thoracic and cervical spine at all. Just treating the arm lines as seen in the picture below except for levator scapulae. Left that out as I wanted to "exclude" the neck.

Superficial and deep back, front arm lines

Not The Neck, Not The Leg, But The Arms

This patient who came in recently this week complaining of neck pain, was a really interesting case.

She had pain in the cervical spine (neck) area with numbness and tingling sensations radiating down to her right arm and thumb. Sleeping on her right side made the pain worse.

Remember I had written about my patient with neck pain and I made her better by treating her leg. Well, this particular patient's presentation was definitely different.

This patient of mine lives on a yacht in the One 15 Marina Sentosa Cove. Recently it's been raining and she's had to work a lot harder cleaning her yacht so there won't be stains. Because of the proximity of the refinery nearby, whenever it rains it makes their yacht very dirty. Her husband cleans the hull, and she needs to polish the silicone joints.

She had also seen the spine surgeon and he sent her for an MRI just to be sure. Here's the whatsapp message I received from the doctor telling me my patient had R spinal exit stenosis from prolapsed discs in her neck.

That was a big clue for me as her neck didn't didn't seem particularly "bad" upon palpation. Her upper limb tension tests elicited some tenderness as well.

Superficial and deep front, back arm lines

So I treated her arm lines instead of treating her neck. Yes, at no point did I treat her neck, just her arms and nothing else.

When she sat up, her first comment was "it's like a whole weight have been lifted off my shoulders".

Surprised? I was, but I was hoping for a good result since she told me about all the extra cleaning she did earlier. Treating her arms was key in her case, not her neck.

How Is Running Good For Your Back?

Many of us runners have heard that running is bad for your knees (although I've put that beyond reasonable doubt here).

Many more of us have been told that running "overloads" our intervertebral discs (IVD) and causes jarring on our spine. And that in turn leads to low back pain.

 I've written about how my own back feels better after running after my accident.

Well, here's more proof that people who regularly run or walk briskly tend to have healthier discs in their spines than people who do not exercise.

This findings refute the myth that running overloads your spine. In fact it shows that running makes the spine sturdier.

The IVD's are located between the vertebrae, acting as cushions to dissipate shock. They contain a thick, sticky fluid that compresses and absorbs pressure during movement to keep your spine in good shape.

Aging, disease and/ or injury can cause the IVD's to degenerate and bulge causing back pain which sometimes can be debilitating.

Check out the evidence provided in the following study. 79 adult men and women were recruited for the study, of which two-thirds of the group were runners for at least five years. The "long distance" group ran more than 30 miles (48 km) a week while the others ran between 12-25 miles a week (19-40 km). The last group rarely exercised at all.

In order to get more information out of the study, the subjects wore accelerometers. Accelerometers measure movement in terms of acceleration forces, or how much power your body is generating when you move.

All the subjects' spines were scanned using MRI, measuring size and liquidity of each disc. In general, the runners' discs were larger and contained more fluid than those who didn't exercise!

Mileage did not matter. The IVD's of the runners who ran less than 30 miles per week were almost identical to the "long distance" group. The authors suggested that compared to moderate mileage, heavy training does not increase disc health nor does it contribute to deterioration.

Here's what's more surprising. The accelerometers showed that walking briskly at about four miles (or 6.4 km) per hour generated enough physical force to bring movement into the range associated with the healthiest IVD's.

Slower walks and standing in place were outside this range. (Now you know why your backs hurt when you stand and not move). Running faster than 5.5 miles (or 8.8 km) per hour were outside the range as well.

The "sweet spot" for IVD's health seem to be between fast walks and gentle jogs.

Things to note. This is a one-time snapshot of the subject's backs. This study cannot prove that running (or exercise) caused the subjects' IVD's to become healthier. Not yet anyway. It shows that people who ran had healthier IVD's.

It also does not tell us whether running (or exercise) can help treat existing disc problems.

My thoughts? The available evidence strongly indicates that IVD's like movement. If you've always been walking and running don't listen to the naysayers. If you have never ran before and want to, perhaps it will help if you start walking briskly first, this will strengthen your IVD's. Progress to run walks (run a little, walk a little) before running to gradually ease your back into it.


Reference

Belavy DL, Quittner MJ, Ridgers N et al (2017). Running Exercise Strengthens The Intervertebral Disc. Scientific Reports. Article No: 45975. DOI: 10.1038/sreo45975.

Can Exercise Be Good For Your Back Pain?

I never really had low back pain before, not before my accident anyway. It's a different story after my accident, although thankfully it's more of an ache occasionally than back pain now actually.

I seem to get back ache when I see too many patients in a row now. I used to be able to go through an entire day without needing a break. Now on a long day I often give myself two half hour breaks. In fact when I was started working again after my accident, my wife would schedule a 30 min break for me after I see four patients and made sure I rested. I started working two hours a day, three, then four and and so on. Now I usually won't see patients for longer than seven hours at a time.

I see patients 2 times a week at Physio Solutions now and often go without a break. I always take a bus there and run home when I'm done. Every single time my back is sore/ achy I still run because my back always feels better during and after the run.

You must be thinking, how can this be? Can exercise alleviate back pain?

Here's the strange thing, I was worried too when I first had back ache after seeing patients at Physio Solutions and was wondering if I should still run home. I ran anyway and within the first three minutes, my back started feeling better. Each time I had back ache and ran I had same result, my back always felt much better.

But I can't just tell my patients with low back ache/ pain to just go running, I have to be able to justify and explain why running (or other exercise) helps.

So I was rather pleased when I came across the following article (Belavy et al, 2016).

The authors wanted to understand what kinds if sports and exercise could be beneficial for the intervertebral disc (IVD) and they did a review on IVD adaptation with loading and exercise. They also examined the impact of specific sports on IVD degeneration in humans and acute exercise on disc size.

2 levels of the vertebrae and disc

Here's a summary of what the authors found.

Our human spine likes dynamic, axial loading at slow to moderate speeds. This means that loading forces that are performed regularly for longer time periods that are dynamic (not static) but not rapid and of a magnitude up to approximately those seen in jogging/ running are likely to result in positive adaptations to the IVDs.

High impact loads, explosive movements, extreme ranges of movement as well as sedentary behaviour, disuse and immobilisation are likely detrimental to the IVD.

Static or very rapid loads, magnitudes that are too low (e.g. lying) or too high (lifting in flexion) are not beneficial to your IVDs. Yes sitting is bad for you as I've written before and also too much bed rest.

The authors also mentioned that running and upright endurance sports are either beneficial or at least not detrimental to the IVD. However, sports like elite swimming, baseball, weightlifting, rowing and equestrian riding are more likely to lead to IVD degeneration.

I was very surprised to see elite swimming on the not beneficial list. During the tumble turns, loading direction and speed of loading will be in torsion and/ or extremes of range. Amateur swimming is more likely to be at the very least less detrimental to the IVDs, but it is unclear whether it will be beneficial for the IVDs.

Come talk to me if you need to find out more. I have a compression fracture in my L1 and a fractured skull after my bike accident.

Reference

Belavy D, Albracht K et al (2016). Can Exercise Positively Influence The Intervertebral Disc? Sports Med. 46:473-485. DOI:  10.1007/s40279-015-0444-2.


*Many thanks to Elizabeth Boey who got me the article. Email me if you want a copy of the article.

Do You Really Need An MRI?

Picture by Cory Doctorow from Flickr

My patient had severe low back pain with some referred sensation of numbness, pins and needles down to the left buttock and hamstring area after her weight training in the gym recently. She went to see her doctor who referred her to a spine surgeon who then ordered a spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate further.

Results show she had a prolapsed disc (PID) or what is commonly as a slipped disc. The surgeon suggested surgical intervention to remove the disc but my patient refused and sought a second opinion.

Subsequently she came to our clinic after her friend with similar findings on MRI (but didn't have surgery) got better after seeing me.

I've encountered some patients who showed up in our clinics with "many problems" on their MRI but no pain while other patients showed no abnormality on their MRI but complain of severe pain. If you "believe" the MRI you may end up treating the MRI and not treating the patient (or trying to fix the problem on the MRI rather than addressing the actual issue causing your patients' symptoms/ pain).

Personally, I believe that nine times out of ten, a competent health care provider (doctor, physiotherapist etc) can pinpoint the cause of your pain/ injury without ordering an expensive MRI.

In our clinics, we ask many questions about the patients' symptoms, training regime (for a sports injury), much like a detective looking for clues. We then do a thorough physical assessment - comparing limbs, palpating the area that hurts, moving your limbs/ joints through different positions or have the patient perform the aggravating movement, checking alignment etc.

Done correctly and accurately, we can often pinpoint the root cause of the problem from the physical assessment and treat it.

It's also interesting to note that everyone is built a little differently and our structures change with age. As MRI's are very sensitive, they can reveal abnormalities that aren't the actual cause of your problems.

A recent review article found 37 percent of 20 year old subjects and 96 percent of 80 year old subjects have evidence of disc degeneration on MRI. The authors concluded imaging findings of spine degeneration are present in high proportions of individuals with no pain. These changes in the spine may be a sign of normal ageing rather than medical conditions/ acute injuries that require treatment.

Here's a common running related example. Another of my patients came to our clinic after seeing a Traditional Chinese Physician, physiotherapist and even saw a surgeon for medial (inside) heel pain and didn't get better. She had been walking more than normal and woke up having to hobble with pain upon setting her foot on the ground. That clearly to me would lead me to check her plantar fascia.

In fact, her surgeon did order an MRI and confirmed what I suspected. He proceeded to give her a cortisone injection (steroid injection) which didn't help. My patient endured the cost and hassle of doing the scan for no good reason.

I treated her twice and am happy to report she's well on her way to recovery.

Don't get me wrong. There are definitely times when a MRI scan is needed. If you've had a Physiotherapist /doctor etc assess you thoroughly, rested, had treatment and still not gotten better then it might be a good time to get an ultrasound scan, x-ray or MRI to investigate further.

What about the first patient who had a PID whom I wrote about at the start of this post? Well, she's back running, weight training like normal. Her doctor was surprised to say the least ......


Reference

Brinjkii W, Luetmer PH et al (2015). Systematic Literature Review Of Imaging Features Of Spinal Degeneration In Asymptomatic Populations. J Am Neuroradiol. 36(4): 811-816. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4173.